What causes conflict along the nomadsedentary frontier Essay

What causes conflict along the nomadsedentary frontier - Essay Example Nomadism for Pastoralists is apolitical as well as an economic strategy. Nomads use their nomadic movements to maintain household autonomy, to evade domination by other members of their own communities as well as by outsiders, including state authorities.From ancient times the contrast between nomadic and sedentary ways life has been a recurring theme. It is said in the earliest pages of Bible, farmers those who work in the soil and of "those who live in tents and rise livestock". The most familiar nomads are the pastoral nomads of Middle Eastern countries those who moved and even today move with their camels, cattle, sheep, and goats, seeking pasture for them at each season of the year.Nomads often live and move in arid areas of the world where water and soil condition are not in good condition. But they are also to be found in well watered places, where they could have more political power while compared to sedentary agriculturalists.There is a large population of nomadic pastorali sts in North Africa, in arid areas of West Africa, and particularly in such East African countries as the Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania. From the Middle Eastern countries through Iran, Pakistan and North India, through to China and Mongolia, Pastoral nomadic remains important as a mode of livelihood.Travel with their herds. They are widely found in the Alps and in other mountains areas in Europe and was fixed dwelling in both winter and summer areas. Pastoral nomads contribute greatly to the economic activity of the country, like they sell or exchange pastoral products for grain, cloth, weapons, and other trade goods. Pastoral nomads are able to define themselves according to their priorities as long as they remain nomads like they proved themselves long access to milk, to sustain long- term relationship with members of their own communities, and to build the power and prestige in accordance with their own values and culture. Nomadism for Pastoralists is apolitical as well as an economic strategy. Nomads use their nomadic movements to maintain household autonomy, to evade domination by other members of their own communities as well as by outsiders, including state authorities. Typically Pastoral nomads rely on their own organization, military skills, and weapons to defend their herds and pastures against raiders and to add to their own herds and pastures by raiding others. The military skills that are an advantage for Pastoral nomadians can be used for other purposes and throughout history pastoralists have repeatedly conquered sedentary populations and established dynasties and ruling elites over them. Mongol conquerors in china, central Asia and Russia provide one of the best known examples. The Mongol conquest was the most world- changing event of this era. Barfield says, "The exceptional nature of the Mongol Empire has been largely misunderstood because, as the most powerful nomadic state that ever exited , it was presumed to be the culmination of political evolution on the steppe rather than the exception that it was," (Barfield 1991,48). The Chinnggis rose to power with marginal support even as his own relatives opposed him. His conquest led to Yuan dynasty. He did not rely on kinship to organize his supporters but rather on loyalty and autocratic control. His main supporters were friends and retainers and his political organization rejected the imperial confederacy model whereas the Mongol state was based on the principles of centralized administration and tribal leadership were abolished. A rigid discipline came which unknown among nomads were followed .But after the fall of Mongol Empire the traditional nomads system with imperialism came into existence. After Chinggis's rule it was only with Khubilai that the Mongols took up the responsibility of ruling northern china rather than despoiling it. The Mongol Empire for the first time united most of Eurasia into a single empire whereas western Europe remained outside the Mongol Empire. The Mongol success can be said in the following ways: First the states they attacked in western Asia were weak and vulnerable to conquest. Their ecological adaptations were much more fragile than was the case in

History of Psychology Essay Example for Free

History of Psychology Essay I declare that this assignment is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another unit, degree or diploma at any university or other institute of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is given. I warrant that any disks and/or computer files submitted as part of this assignment have been checked for viruses and reported clean. Student signature: __________________________ Date: __________________________ Abstract This paper aims to trace and analyze the historical development of the subjective nature of truth, the sources and reactions towards the theory. The implications of the theory of subjective truth are vast since a position on the nature of truth permeates one’s personal life goals and purposes, cognition, and morality of individual and hence also affects research methodology and psychotherapy. Subjectivism focuses on individuals’ thoughts and feelings as well as the proposition that knowledge of humans can never be separated from the knower. This literature review covers the existence of truth as being subjective during the time of the early Greek philosophers, present within Hellenistic and Roman psychology and persisting within romantic and existential philosophy, humanistic psychology and the approaches of the postmodernists in the mid-1960s. Keywords: subjective truth, history, postmodernism The Subjective Nature Of Truth: A Historical Development The constant tension of whether truth is objective or subjective has long since existed throughout history and continues to pervade in current schools of psychotherapies. â€Å"Science versus Humanism† is the term Conway (1992) gives to the philosophical dimension along which the values underlying the theories of psychologists differ. A scientific approach to psychology is based on the epistemological tradition of objectivism. Mahoney (1989) summarizes objectivism as beliefs that an objective and separate ‘real world’ lies beyond the organism, independent of perception and that valid knowledge is ultimately rendered from our sensory experiences, and can be totally separated from the knower (Mahoney, 1989 as cited in Conway, 1992). In contrast, the humanistic approach to psychology is based on the epistemological tradition of subjectivism which focuses on thoughts and feelings. Furthermore, knowledge of humans can never be separated from the knower (Conway, 1992). Due to different theories on the nature of truth, methodology for observing consciousness and the role of inner experience differ. The human science approach to psychology seeks to explain behavior in terms of a person’s subjective existence (Kendler, 2005). Humanistic psychology and philosophical phenomenology are two schools of thought that employ the human science interpretation of psychology (Kendler, 2005). The implications of the theory of the relativity of truth is seen in the individuals personal life goals, purpose of life, cognitive styles, morality, ethics, counseling goals, research methodology and conceptualization of definitions. Due to the great relevance of the topic to psychology, this essay traces and analyzes the historical development of the subjective nature of truth, the sources and reactions towards the theory. Early Greek Philosophers and Hellenistic and Roman Psychology The Sophists were a group of philosophers who believed that nothing is inherently right or wrong but that believing something is right makes it right and vice versa (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 41). Protagoras (485-420 B.C.) was the most popular Sophist who proposed that man is the measure of all things, meaning that man determines whether something is true or untrue and hence, truth depends on the perceiver not physical reality (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 41). The context of this perspective of the nature of truth is that Protagoras lived in the Periclean democracy where skills for effective communication were valuable to own especially in the political sphere (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 42) where some beliefs were more advantageous to utilitarian harmony than others. Hence, Protagoras was primarily interested in teaching effective argumentation to demonstrate the practicality of the relativity of truth. Socrates (470-399 B.C.) disagreed with the Sophists’ view that no truth exists beyond personal opinion. In the second century A.D., a school of thought named Skepticism promoted suspension of judgment and preferred to say ‘This is how things appear to me† rather than to claim having arrived at irrevocable truth (Hergenhahn, 2009). They were of the view that dogmatists constantly fought amongst themselves and were always agitated unlike the Skeptics who sought a life of peace and lived by two primary guides: appearances (sensations and feelings) and social convention (Hergenhahn, 2009). Displaying a similarity with the Sophists and the Skeptics, the Cynics such as Diogenes (412-323) advocated individualism and that true happiness depended on self-sufficiency and living a life that was natural, rejecting any type of control, be it bodily or social control. The theme of moving away from absolute truth and towards a relativistic conception of truth, individual feelings, opinions, social convention or whatever ‘truth’ brings gain (e.g., political status or living peaceably with others) will manifest itself again throughout history. Instrumental theory of truth: Profitability as criteria for truth William James (1842-1910) was of the view that ideas become true as long as they help people satisfactorily relate with other parts of one’s experience (De Waal, 2005, p. 43). James proposes that it is far from essential for our thoughts, beliefs or in other words, conceptions of truth, to copy reality. Hence, he opposes the singularity of truth and posits that multiple, though different beliefs are acceptable. In contrast, there can only be one truth for the empiricists and the rationalists since truth is the perfect copy of reality (De Waal, 2005, p. 47). Based on pragmatic principles, James proposes that any hypothesis cannot be rejected if there are useful results that come from it. Pragmatism is hence a principle that views any ‘truth’ as true as long as it profits. In other words, the pragmatist’s notion of truth is that beliefs originating from within one’s self but does not copy anything without the believer will still count as true when these lead people to directions that are worthwhile (De Waal, 2005, p. 50). The theme of moving away from a singular truth independent of the knower and towards whichever concept, idea or belief brings profit is a pattern seen even during the Early Greek Philosophers and Hellenistic and Roman Psychology. A profit-focused approach to handling truth, as proposed by the pragmatists, will strongly permeate and an underlying principle in future philosophies and approaches to psychology such as romanticism, existentialism, humanistic and postmodern psychology. Romantic and existential philosophy: Feelings, human choice and freedom In the late 18th century, an artistic and intellectual movement named Romanticism rebelled against Enlightenment rationality that overemphasized linear and the investigation of causes by trying to add feelings and intuition to rationality (Schneider, 1998). Romanticism emphasized the wholeness of experience via implicit processes such as affect, intuition, kinesthesia, imagination as well as the descriptions of these processes (Schneider, 1998). Rousseau was of the view that facts of history were of less importance than what values can be learned from them and that history should be considered as a collection of fables (Rousseau, 1762 as cited in Robinson, 2008). This type of thinking is seen again in Postmodernist thinking later on in history although to Rousseau, historical facts were not subjective but unknowable because of human error and interpretation. In psychology, romanticism is manifested in orientations of existential-humanistic, hermeneutical, narrative, and transpersonal psychologies (Schneider, 1998). Carl Rogers of the school of humanistic psychology, whose thoughts will be further explored later on in this paper, has much similarity with the romantics since experience is Rogers highest authority and makes decisions based on what feels [emphasis mine] right, valuable or worth doing (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 593). Like romanticism, existentialism stresses subjective experience. The existentialists (18th and 19th centuries) encourage us humans to consider the meaning of living authentically, in ones own personal way (Oaklander, 1992). If one chooses freely, one chooses authentically and leads an authentic life. Since there are no objective values for the existentialist, it depends more on how one chooses rather than what their choice is. An existential philosopher, Kierkegaard proposed that each persons life individually has its own self-determined meaning. Subjectivity is truth, that is, the persons beliefs define that persons reality (Oaklander, 1992, p. 577). Though the existentialist philosophers differ in their views in a few aspects of their thinking, one common theme is the emphasis on human freedom and choice and the related slogan of Sartre that existence precedes essence which means that humans have no prepackaged nature or essence but that we are is what we choose to be (Oaklander, 1992). In other words, subjectivity must be the starting point (Oaklander, 1992). Sartre also says that â€Å"Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the first principle of existentialism. It is also what is called subjectivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Influenced by existential philosophy, a brand of contemporary psychology which has the key concepts of freedom, individuality, authenticity and responsibility emerged called existential psychology (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 574). The man who is generally considered to be the bridge between existential philosophy and existential psychology is Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) who is of the view that there is no ‘ultimate truth’ but emphasizes interpretation and that there is no ‘real meaning’ behind a phenomenon (Daitz, 2011). He proposed that humans choose nature of their own existence and it is worthy of notice that Heidegger chose to be committed to Nazism (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 574). The theme of moving away from a singular truth independent of the knower and towards â€Å"personal truth† as self-defined by individuals as well as the unfortunate consequence of individuals freely choosing what they think is right or desirable which may conflict with what society views as desirable. This will manifest itself again with slight differences in humanistic and postmodern psychology. Humanistic psychology: An application of subjective truth In the early 1960s, humanistic psychology, a new human science that would study humans as aware, choosing and emotional beings, appeared in reaction to traditional scientific approaches to psychology (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 571). Unlike the two existing schools of psychology, behaviorism and psychoanalysis, which assume determinism in explaining human behavior, humanistic psychology assumes humans are free to choose their own existence and that subjective reality is the most important cause of behavior (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 571). A basic tenet of humanistic psychology is that subjective reality is the primary guide for human behavior (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 586). Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was of the view that humanistic science should allow the individual to be freer and more inner determined (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 586). What he deemed as self-actualization is what humans achieve when they are true to their own nature (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 587). Carl Rogers (1902-1987) also proposed that a person who is likely to live a fulfilling life is motivated by his true inner feelings instead of beliefs, traditions and values imposed by others outside the individual (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 593). Rogers started the movement of Person-Centered therapy which stress an essential trust in the experiential world of the client and stress three conditions to promote the client’s growth: congruence (genuineness on the therapist’ part), true empathy, unconditional positive regard. A limitation that Owen (1999) notes in his analysis of both psychoanalysis and person-centred therapy is the conflict for the person-centred therapist to both communicate unconditional positive regard as well as congruence with a negative feeling about a client. In other words, prizing the client and also at the same time, being honest with personal feelings towards client. This poses a question of what a therapist should rightly do when being honest also means being non-empathic and withholding unconditional positive regard from the client. This problem of congruency undeniably stems from the theory of truth and its subjective nature since what the therapist believes to be true and what the client believes to be true are both equally ‘true’ if the assumption is that the individual self-defines truth. Postmodernism approaches: Contemporary development of the theory of truth Modernists believe in objective reality that exists independent of any attempt to observe it whereas postmodernists believe in subjective realities that do not exist independent of observational processes (Corey, 2005). Postmodernism is similar to the romantics, existentialists, the Sophists, and Skeptics and aspects of James’ psychology in that there multiple truths and these vary with individual experience, thus paving the way for postmodernism. According to Schneider (1998), the postmodernist were different from the romantics in that postmodernists promote a relativistic chaos when this conflicted with the sensibility of Romanticism (Schneider, 1998). The Romantics assumed knowledge as determinate and argued for the universality of autonomous experience while postmodernism assumes it as indeterminate and relativistic, thus fragmenting knowledge and experience (Webb, 2006). Similar to James’ pragmatism, the postmodernist is of the view that a problem exists only when people agree there is a problem needing to be addressed. Narrative therapy is an application of the Postmodernist approach to psychology and encourages clients to see their stories from different perspectives (Corey, 2005). The clients reality is focused on without disagreeing whether it is accurate or rational (Weishaar, 1993 as cited in Corey, 2005). Unlike traditional therapists who see the client as the problem, the narrative therapists believe that the problem is the problem (Corey, 2005). This separation of client from problem allows one to take a stance against specific storylines, be hopeful in generating a more positive, healing story and thus reducing self-blame. The therapist searches for times when the client made a choice and times when the client was successful (Corey, 2005, p. 403). Very similar to the assumptions of the Cynics and particularly the Romantics, the Postmodernist approach is based on the optimistic assumption that people are able and that they possess alternative stories that can enhance their lives (Corey, 2005, p. 403). The nature of truth and the approach to psychology: Future research direction Within the United States and internationally, Kirschenbaum and Jourdan (2005) carried out a survey that found an increasing number of therapists who identify themselves as â€Å"eclectic† or â€Å"integrative† amongst Carl Rogers’ client-centered/person-centered therapists over the past 30 years. In his writing on the topic of romanticism’s potential in complementing psychology, Schneider (1998) writes that experimental research, whether in hypothesis-making or verification, cannot fully replace romantic insights and needs to refer back to qualitative data that Romantics emphasize (Schneider, 1998). Hence, there are advantages in employing research as well as therapy methodology that take into account aspects of the intuitive and emotional aspect of human beings that romanticism emphasizes. In view of the advantages, Schneider also writes about the implications for therapists in training. He proposes the provision of rich and sensitive qualitative descriptions of their clients in addition to treatment plans that are problem-oriented or behavioral in focus (Schneider, 1998). Therapists in training should also pay attention to emotional, kinesthetic, and cognitive experiences of clients. Besides just assessing progress toward therapy goals, the meaning of therapy goals for clients should also be considered. Schneider is of the view that therapist with the full range of experiential data about their clients would be in an optimal position to collate essential data for a treatment plan. Hence, research should be done to measure the effectiveness of this approach to therapy in addition to (i.e., eclectic approaches) or instead of traditional approaches. In his comparison of person-centred therapy with psychodynamic therapy, Owen (1999) notes the possibility of conflict that person-centred therapists might face in trying to be congruent to their own personal feelings while at the same time, being non-judgmental and providing unconditional positive regard. Further research should be carried out in the area of long-term consequences to the therapist and to the client as well as strategies that can be employed when there is a conflict in the congruence of the therapist and the therapist’ provision of unconditional positive regard. Research may also include investigating the incorporation of one aspect of the psychodynamic approach which is neutrality (neither making interpretations nor providing unconditional positive regard) towards the client’s sharing of his personal experience or thoughts (Owen, 1999). Neutrality allows for a full range of emotions including negative emotions of the client. Conclusion Whether truth is absolute and independent of the knower and perceiver has been supported and argued against since the period of the early Greek philosophers. Similar themes that focus on the human individual to evaluate and make their own choices, define their own meaning and ultimately, define and act upon what is the nature of truth and the truth itself recur time and time again whether in the form of an emphasis on affect like the Romantics or Postmodernist who selects part of a narrative, whether accurate or true, to put it to good use in helping the individual cope during therapy. The implications of the position taken on the nature of truth have been demonstrated throughout history in major schools of philosophy, psychology and in this paper. Future speculation of this theory of truth is that, after certain negative events that will happen in future times as a result of pragmatic and postmodern thinking, a reaction against relativistic and individualized conceptions of truth that may take a shape of fundamentalism may return to schools of philosophy and the social sciences. References Conway, J. B. (1992). Presidential address: A world of differences among psychologists. Canadian Psychology, 33(1), 1-23. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (7th ed.). California: Thomson Learning Inc. Daitz, L. (2011). Understanding, truth or resolve? Considering the ‘aim’ of existential psychotherapy and the approaches of van Deurzen and Spinelli. Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis, 22(1), 140-149. De Waal, C. (2005). On Pragmatism. California: Thomson Wadsworth Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to the history of psychology (6th ed.). California: Cengage learning. Kendler, H. H. (2005). Psychology and phenomenology: A clariï ¬ cation. American Psychologist, 60(4), 318–324 Kirschenbaum, H. Jourdan, A. (2005). The current status of Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach. Educational Publishing Foundation, 42(1), 37–51. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.37 Oaklander, L. N. (1992). Existentialist phil osophy: An introduction. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Owen, I. R. (1999). Exploring the similarities and differences between person-centred and psychoanalytic therapies. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27(2), 165-178 doi: 0306-9885/99/020165-14 Robinson, P. (2008). Jean-Jacques Rousseau and history: Moral truth at the expense of facticity. Rethinking History, 12(3), 417–431. doi: 10.108 0/13642520802193 288 Schneider, K. J. (1998). Toward a science of the heart: Romanticism and the revival of psychology. American Psychologist, 53(3), 277-289 Webb, R. K. (2006). From romantic humanist to postmodern pedagogy: How the alien becomes normative in contemporary education. Radical Pedagogy. Retrieved from http://radicalpedagogy.icaap.org/content/issue8_2/webb.html

Alcohol and the Family Essay -- Alcoholism Drinking Essays Research Pa

Alcohol and the Family    In the United States alone, there are 28 million children of alcoholics - seven million of these children are under the age of eighteen.     Every day, these children experience the horrors of living with an alcoholic parent. 40%-50% of children of alcoholics grow up and become alcoholics themselves. Others develop eating disorders or become workaholics. Children of alcoholics receive mixed messages, inconsistency, upredictability, betrayal, and sometimes physical and sexual abuse from their parents. They are made to grow up too fast because they must help keep the family structure together by doing housework and taking care of siblings since the alcoholic is not doing his or her part. Children form roles that they play to help disguise the disease. The roles help distract people from seeing the real problem and serve to protect the family so it can continue to function. There are five roles that the family members will take on-- the enabler, the hero, the scapegoat, the lost chi ld, and the mascot. The enabler is usually the spouse or the parent of the alcoholic. He takes on the normal duties that the alcoholic would normally carry out such as cleaning the house, taking care of the children, or even something as simple as walking the dog. The enabler also makes excuses for the alcoholic. He may call his wife's boss and tell him she is sick when really she is home with a hang-over. Or he might explain to a neighbor that the living room lamp broke because the two-year-old accidentally knocked it off the table when in reality it was thrown across the room in a drunken fit. This act of covering up does nothing but harm the family in the end. The enabler is making excuses and lying to hide the true act... ...out the affects alcoholism has on the family, one may think that it is a life full of endless turmoil. There is help out there, though, which should begin in the school system. Schools need to educate kids about alcohol abuse and establish an ongoing trusting relationship with kids who need help. The children aren not to blame for the actions of their parents and they need someone to help them understand that it's not their fault and they can break the cycle. This way the children will know that they have at least one person they can turn to for help and that they aren't alone. Bibliography: 1. Children of Alcoholism, Barbara L. Wood, New York University Press, 1987 2. Working with Children of Alcoholics, Bryan E. Robinson, Lexington Books, 1989 3. Substance Abuse Treatment: A Family Systems Perspective, Edith M. Freeman, Sage Publications, 1993

Prospero

Prospero (the rightful Duke of Milan) is the protagonist of The Tempest, William Shakespeare's final written play. Finding himself deserted on an island with his daughter Miranda after being betrayed by his own brother for power, Prospero ends up having twelve years of built up anger and revenge to dish out on those who have wronged him. From early on the readers see how Prospero's use of magical powers from his spell books almost guarantee his authority on the island. In The Tempest, Shakespeare depicts Prospero as like a controlling puppet master whose desire to manipulate everyone and everything around him is shown consistently, with the use of magic. Prospero's motivation is fueled by two main things. According to R.D Gooder, â€Å"The first is Prospero ‘s ambition to marry his daughter to the right sort of person; the second is his desire to be revenged upon his enemies† (4). From early on readers can see the protective nature that Prospero has for Miranda. He shelters her from knowledge about their past until the boat carrying his betrayers arrive. Prospero says to Miranda, â€Å"The hour's now come. Obey and be attentive, the very minute bids thee ope thine ear† (Shakespeare 1.2.46-48). Prospero is finally about to tell Miranda how and why they ended up on the island. This scene lets the readers sympathize with his selfishness, shows the justification of his reasonings for using his spirit Ariel to stir up The Tempest (storm), and why he brings his betrayers on land. Prospero's love for his daughter motivates him to make sure that she ends up with the right type of person. This should portray him as being a caring father at this point but his motivation for revenge shows the audience his bluff. The play slowly reveals that â€Å"the true internal necessity for his opposition being feigned lies in his double nature† (Snider 197). Miranda meeting and eventually marring Ferdinand, who is the prince of Naples, isn't by chance. Prospero uses his magic and hold over Ariel to help them meet. This is just another little piece in Prospero's real agenda to get revenge and his eventually dukedom back. Prospero is like a two-faced person; on the outside he seems like a dad wanting what is best for his daughter, but his real motives are what helps benefit him in the end. The relationships between Prospero and the people on the island seem different but he uses magic to manipulate every single person in some way shape or form. At first the readers catch a glimpse of the relationship between him and his brother. Antonio takes advantage of Prospero being so into the studying of his magic and books, â€Å"While Prospero's nose was buried in his extensive library, his snaky brother manages to steal his title and gets him thrown out of Italy† (Shmoop Editorial Team). So, going forward from this, the audience can somewhat relate to why he acts the way he does. He uses Ariel as he pleases; it is always either him or Prospero manipulating every moment of everyone on the island. No one on this island is truly free; Prospero uses his magic to ensure that. Prospero also uses Ariel to spy on Caliban, who is described as a fish like man and a servant to Prospero. Caliban encounters Trinculo and Stephano, who are a Lester and a drunken butler. Caliban begs them to let him be their servant, saying â€Å"Ill show thee every fertile inch o' th' island, and I will kiss thy foot. I prithee, be my god† (Shakespeare 2.2.154-155). Caliban eventually talks them into killing Prospero, all while Ariel is listening. Betrayal for power is a big theme in Shakespeare's The Tempest. First with Alonso and his pupils and now his servant Caliban. The way he puts them all through hell associates with the justice and revenge themes also plotted throughout the play. Illusion vs reality is also a big theme carried out by Prospero throughout this play. The whole time everyone is on the island, they are in an altered state of reality, tailored specifically to how he sees fit. The way this is used throughout the play forces both the characters and readers to wonder if something is real or the result of Prospero or Ariel's doing. The audience can see it being used on his daughter Miranda, when he asks her to remember about her past and she says â€Å"tis far off, and rather like a dream than an assurance that my remembrance warrants† (Shakespeare 1.2.56-58). She is telling the audience that her memory of her life up to this point seems like a dream, with only Prospero's illusions using magic to blame. Prospero stands for Prospero is portrayed to be a certain stereotypical character, the forceful, controlling, protective one. This is seen time and time again in the play. On the island Prospero and Miranda live among of his now servant Caliban, the son of a witch that was on the island before they arrive. Prospero takes the island from him, which is another way he shows the audience how controlling he is. At first, they live together nicely, and Miranda and Prospero even teach Caliban how to speak their language. They way they treat Caliban abruptly stops when Prospero catches Caliban trying to rape his daughter. Prospero says â€Å"Filth as thou art, with human care, and lodged thee in mine own cell, till thou didst seek to violate the honor of my child (Shakespeare 1.2.415-418). Caliban becomes Prospero's servant from this point on. Prospero's stereotype is however, crafted to be broken. The way he changes throughout the play from how he is and becomes this forgiving, almost new person, makes for a very intriguing character. This also puts Prospero into the Round character category. Round characters are complex and develop through their stories, sometimes adequately to shock the readers. Prospero does end up surprising the audience in The Tempest in the last act of the play. Although Prospero remains the same self-centered, controlling man throughout the entire play, he changes from an unsympathetic character into a sympathetic one. He makes his servant Ariel to do much of the dirty work for him. He doesn't care about his enemies and puts them through a lot while he sits back and watches. This is seen almost immediately in the beginning of the play as Prospero has Ariel disperse his brother Antonio, the king of Naples Alonso and his son Ferdinand, and everyone else that is on the boat onto different places on the island. Watching them scramble around, he is getting pleasure out of their disarray. All these things show Prospero's superiority complex for control. According to the Shmoop webpage, â€Å"in Prospero, Shakespeare creates a figure who decides to forgive his enemies even though they betray him in the worst possible ways† (Shmoop Editorial Team). This is where he changes into a sympathetic character, surprising the audience by forgiving all his betrayers.

Principle of Earth Science Essay

The three stages according from the oldest to the youngest formation are granite, basalt and lastly andesite formation. This will discuss about the formation, composition, type of intrusion and cooling history of each stages. The granite formation is the oldest stage since granite is formed usually beneath the crust about 1. 5 km up to 50 km depth. Primarily, granite is composed of silicon and alumina about 72. 04% and 14. 42%, respectively. The formation of granite occurs through extreme metasomatism. Through metasomatism, elements are brought out by fluids like potassium and calcium to convert the metamorphic rock to granite. According to Himanshu K. Sachan (1999), granite in the northern Himalaya starts its cooling history at 705 Â °C and continued up to 650 Â °C in the range of 1. 2–2. 8 kbar. The next stage is the basalt formation. Basalt is composed of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and low amount of silicon, sodium oxide and potassium oxide. The formation of basalt occurs when there is a volcanic eruption either under or above the. Mostly the formation of basalt occurs underneath the sea. Through the introduction of water the magma hardens to form the basalt. Basalt forms between 50km up to 100 km depth within the mantle and 150 km up to 200 km for some high-alumina basalt. The next stage will be andesite. The youngest of the formation is the perpendicular andesite. After basalt, the most common volcanic rock would be he andesite. The main composition of andesite is silica about 57%. Andesite is formed either by frictional crystallization or magma mixing with felsic rhyolitic. Melting and assimilation of rock fragments by rising magma to the surface form andesite.

Skype and the Japanese Market

Skype and the Japanese Market Introduction The growth of Skype in the world market has been great. This is especially in Japan that has become vital to Skypes business. There have been an increase in the rate of calls in the recent past and the growth of the Skype market has been due to the use of disruptive technology to market itself.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Skype and the Japanese Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The VoIP has been the main disruptive technology in the market as it creates room for reduced cost prices in making calls. This service has hindered the mobile phone business and Skype has been able to take advantage of this technology to market itself. However, the Skype market faces stiff competition from the mobile services in Japan. According to Abell, the VoIP form of disruptive technology provides more services other than the free calls over the Internet such as the more reliable features that have attract ed customers to start using the technology. Most of the Japanese population is composed of business people who spend longer working hours on the Internet and this provides a convenient way to reach their clients. Skype has become an important communication tool in the present society over the world. The functionality in this application has been vital in bringing in more customers. Skype has been more successful with the use of disruptive technology mainly the voice communication globally but this has not been accredited to financial success (34). He continues to assert that Skype brings in a technology that is ever changing. This application is more suited for the social interaction. Nevertheless, Skype is the leader in the use of VoIP disruptive technology in the present world economy. This company has enjoyed a competitive advantage in the technology arena and has good marketing strategies. The rise of Skype has been just through mass marketing of its products. Moreover, the succ ess of Skype is because of its customer approach form of business and has a feedback channel where the consumers have to write about their satisfaction of Skypes high quality products (36). Skype is aiming towards the developing markets such as the one represented by Japan for its disruptive technology business. There have been varied views from the mobile operators over the Internet communication. VoIP has not been fully legalized in most of the world states while in others it has.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, few companies have realized the importance of this service with an aim to deal with the revenue losses in their organizations. Few companies have therefore partnered with Skype in an effort to get Internet communications at reduced risk. Some of the companies include KDDI that came into partnership with Skype. This Japanese company has e nabled its market to use Internet communications more easily and cost effectively. Partnership solves the issue of different pricing and customer segmentation in an easy way. Successful partnership with an organization is down to how established the given producing organization is and the robustness of its VoIP (Angelov 176). Skype has been the most successful and most companies prefer its partnership because of its popularity. Moreover, regarding revenue generated, Skype’s methods are not that diversified. They derive revenues from the voice and data communications in the private and business customers. Nevertheless, the Skype-Skype communication has no revenue but more of its revenue coming from the â€Å"Skype Out† application and other value added services. VoIP and Skype The use of VoIP by Skype has been legalized in several countries including Japan. The use of VoIP has for some time been seen as a threat to the existing mobile phone business and its now been see n as an important part of business and Skype has taken advantage of this business. Many policy makers in Japan have been working on how to implement this disruptive technology. Skype being one of the major implementers of this technology faces several challenges. The success of this technology change has been down to the lower costs as these IP networks offer less costs (Bower 75). It is also cost effective to Skype as the need to change the traffic onto one network is not a problem. Consequently, the success of this service in the Skype industry has been brought about by the variety of services it brings, and bringing together voice, data and images. This service has brought into existence other services such as the push-to-talk and integrated cellular networks. Other changes that can be accredited to this service of wireless technology are the opportunity it can bring to many businesses enabling them to do things in a cost effective manner and in a different way.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Skype and the Japanese Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More VoIP as a Disruptive Technology Grey Markets as Competitors. For long, the grey markets in the world have given the mobile phone services a great competition. This is mostly not seen by many as a threat to this kind of business and the monopolies have greatly suffered. The grey market in the long run has forced the prices of the call rates to go down to certain levels and the consumers have been able to enjoy the call rates without knowing the reason behind this form of practice (Christensen 80). The rise of the disruptive technologies has changed the way modern business is being conducted and the form of living of the human beings. Other examples include the GPS tracking systems; handheld devices and wireless form of communication are gaining the market. The VoIP has had a great consequence in terms of the business deal. This has forced the world companies to take a look at this technology and prepare in the most efficient manner for the future as the traditional form of business and communication are long overdue. This form of communication is not like the normal phone service that calls for digital communication over a broadband that is network enabled. This form of communication is effective and does not charge for long distances just like the regular phone communication. This form of communication is advanced and the traditional phone services do not have such features in the VoIP (Ellis 56). Features such as conferencing, calling from PC, have been added to this technology in recent times. However, in making a VoIP call one has to face a challenge of choosing the required network and this is not an easy task to plug into the Internet. This has forced companies to opt for a private network for communication as it connects faster and easily. Price wars have been the basis of this technology and have been on the rise. The voice market business has found itself in the market today. There are different prices for the wholesale and retail prices of the VoIP in the world and this has brought competition in the globe. Therefore, the different calling rates in the retail and the wholesale are the basis for the increase of the VoIP international calling. These differences bring into the market unbalanced competition in the VoIP markets (Fowler 35). For example, an individual caller in the retail rate might need between $0. 5 to make a call to the US while in Japan but the same call can be purchased by an operator at a wholesale rate of around $1 and this has made the operator buying the VoIP at a wholesale price enjoy a monopoly because of the varied prices.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, even though there is a competition between the grey markets and other mobile phone services, it is limited. This is because such business is under control from the authorities unlike in the wholesale and retail call rate prices in the VoIP. Different countries have different strategies to filter traffic to make calls over the Internet difficult and this is the task given to the grey market operators and this is a blow for the Skype Company. Most jurisdictions have the same penalties for the VoIP calling like those of the drug traffickers. However, even though these limitations exist the level of use of the VoIP is still increasing. Several operators of the VoIP services rebuilding on their tariffs to be the same with the costs incurred in giving of services and to be able to compete with the grey market. The competition in the voice markets has reduced the international rates and the variety of the operators forced by law to that their tariffs are in line within a given per iod might make this business of VoIP not to be sustainable (Gilbert 28). Reduction in International Call Prices. The level of competition of the VoIP from the grey market is due to the retail price in international calling. A market analysis over a two year period shows the general trend in the international retail calling. However, prices in the international call rates have reduced in several countries globally (Goncalves 142). International Retail Prices Percentage Above US$1 per minute US25c-US$1 per minute Below US 25 cents Years from 2004 to 2012 100 ‘04 90 ‘05 80 ‘06 70 ‘07 60 ‘08 50 ‘09 40 ‘10 30 ‘11 20 ‘12 10 The table indicates a drop on the cost of making calls to outside countries in terms of the dollar. This is because of the emergence of Skype’s VoIP communication that affects other international call rates. Research shows that there are around 20 count ries that charge below 25 cents a minute. This seems to be the general price unless there is the introduction of competition. However, in markets that have legalized VoIP communication the mobile phone operators have been forced to compete with the lower prices and have the reduction of their international call rates. For example, the rates in Japan range from 20-25 cents per minute. Clearly, this shows an increase in traffic regarding the minutes of a call and this might have acted in a way to outweigh the loss of income in the reduction of call rates. Even with this rate of collapse of the international rate is still increasing. The grey market price for an operator may be between 0.04 and 0.05 cents for every minute. This is a clear indication that evened the retail prices falling below $25 will still allow the grey market to operate. However, in countries where the VoIP is legalized the price wars move from the international to the national level (Greene 28). PC-PC Calling. The grey market competition seems to have been neutralized by the introduction of the PC-to-PC calling. This is due to the partnership of Skype and the Net 2 Phone. The use of this service has tremendously increased. Other alliances that have emerged to make the application stronger in the market include Motorola as they aim to gain the market segment (Luxembourg 35). This form of communication is free and critics argue how the companies make money. This service is possible through Skype out service centers that enable the communication at low rates. Skype manages this communication by having a unified call rate to a few popular destinations. The main purpose of this service is to call the landlines. With this service, the Skype Company takes into account where a client is calling to and not where they are calling from. Skype has managed to be successful with this application and the partnership it has had in the market. Skypes Market Segments There need to be considerations when a give n organization chooses to partner with the Internet Communications provider. The robustness of the provider is a key requirement; however customer segmentation is a need. Skype is segmented and needs integration, management capabilities and have a stronger support while the lower segment requires social networking or the video call capabilities. The partnership of the Skype Company and the KDDI made it to change into Smartphone business to be in the market as the Japanese were fond of this mobile phone. With Smartphone strategic plan, the KDDI managed to introduce the IS-series Android type. However, this type of business had given the mobile operators a hard time in differentiating it (Fowler 56). Partnering with Skype was as a result of the difficulties its customers had, thus with Skype there was a new idea in the market of freshness, connectedness, and being free of charge. However, most mobile phone operators have cited the issue of free-of-charge voice calls as a great risk to their businesses. However, the use of Skype brings into it good Internet communications software services and more features and applications. Greene states that despite the concern over voice cannibalization by Skype, the KDDI Company in Japan still had to choose its partnership with Skype because: (1) Skype was more popular among the youths. Since KDDI was moving into the Japanese market for the first time, there was a need for partnership with a company that had been in the market for long, (2) Skype has a greater market share and there are priorities for growth, (3) Skype has a greater revenue turn out and most companies view it as the most preferred partner. Skypes partnership with KDDI can be viewed as an opportunity for it to offer new features and services that might not be available to its competitors. The difference with the Skype platform with KDDIs network was the combination of the two that allowed customers to interconnect through the network and this caused high voice quality and definitely good service delivery. The integration of the two platforms of Skype and KDDI was termed as Skype on au (Goncalves 142). This integration is differentiated with that of other networks through the high quality service offered. Therefore KDDI has a 3M strategy of multi-network, multi-device, and multi-use derived from Skype. Other strategies of branding from Skype have enabled to market KDDIs Smartphone product. The Skype application installed with the KDDI Smartphone help in marketing as it focuses on the younger generation. Partnering of KDDI with Skype has enabled the company to attract more customers, and the important trend they have come up with in the mobile industry (Ellis 56). Marketing concepts have changed and the market is more concerned about the software rather than the hardware and this gives Skype an opportunity of differentiation of the varied online products and the importance of integration of service delivery. Opportunities and Threats for S kype The application software allows its users to make voice calls over the Internet. The calls made within the Skype platform are not charged while those calls made to other traditional landline telephones and other mobile phones are chargeable. This service has become more popular all over the world because of its application features that have been popular among the youth. The features include: Instant messaging, file transfer, and video conferencing. The high rate of increase of popularity among the world users gives this service provider an opportunity to get more profits from the clients on the use of this service. Clearly, research shows that the traditional telecom service providers depend on their fixed line services, but this business has been on the decline due to Skypes competition (Abell 67). Moreover, the Skype service providers have managed to be in business through their additional service of offering Internet access service to their clients through the copper line. In addition, the variety of products the company is able to offer has enabled them to have an added advantage over their competitors and this gives them an opportunity to leverage and attract more customers thus creating loyalty among the consumers. Other operators within this service have given the consumers more play packages including the VoIP, HSI8, and IPTV. These services can be important for them to manage the competition from the cable and satellite providers who offer triple play package too. Moreover, the disruptive technology of offering IP and other products has been an opportunity for Skype to make more profits and advance its market. In addition, the use of VoIP service has been on an alarming rate and this has given Skype an opportunity to have several multiple dedicated networks in a more cost effective way and plan to update to the NGN9 (Bower 75). Skype has also advanced its technology to coming up with services running over IP through the use of the copper line th at seem to be the upcoming innovation. Moreover, the organization can have opportunities in the economies of scale and move ahead of its competitors. The services that run on the VoIP will also be a benefit to her clients that are after higher quality and more advanced services. Consumers believe that the use of VoIP service is the convenient and easy way to make voice calls while the IPTV will be much better choice for the Skype customers. The limitations of the bandwidth are a great fear for investors as they feel this might be a risky form of business. This therefore scares away investors that are a blow to the Skype Company. The services offered over the VoIP are calls for high bandwidth. The high requirement of the bandwidth is a problem in the market expansion and brings the issue of traffic when giving services over the VoIP. Skype also faces stiff competition in its services from Yahoo. Yahoo has the startup Jajah service. Another competitor is Lycos that released a VoIP P2P solution that requires no cost to make voice calls. Yahoos Jajah is a great competitor for Skype because it is being sponsored by Silicon Valley venture firm that has more cash and this markets Yahoos product. Moreover, the increase in technology implies that Skype faces the security issue in its service delivery. There is growing concern for Skype to take its security with great care and the hackers might get into their system (Christensen 85). The external changes such as the government policies, politics and taxes have for long been a threat to the investment of Skype. The government policies for example in Japan affect the profitability of Skype since decisions made by the government tend to favor the mobile operators and this affects the capital availability, cost of production and the demand for its services and products. The low demand in this country has been due to the government policies that bring down the cost of capital thus making the investment more difficult. Moreov er, the government is responsible for the tax rates in a country. This has been a threat for Skype as it influences the economic conditions of a country. If the economy of a country is growing, there is a possibility of increased demand for the Skype products that would not be the case for poor economies. Nevertheless, the opportunity to use a particular strategy in the market may succeed and this will entirely rely on demand that is available in good economies and unavailable in a recession time. Although the recession may provide opportunities for some organizations while making other going out of business it is a great threat to Skypes market growth. The economic conditions of a country are affected by the governments policy and political influences. Moreover, the exchange rates affect Skypes growth because the number of goods imported or exported may be expensive or cheap depending on the exchange rate currency. Skype and the Japanese Market Market Overview Skype is among the mo st growing companies at a great rate. In the past 2 years and with its limited market resources it has been able to register over 50 million users. To this day Skype has been more successful in its VoIP service (Angelov 175). Before, Skype introduced the voice communication over the Internet Net2Phone was the leading service provider of VoIP. However, at present Net2Phone has lost its market. The decline in Net2Phone is a demonstration of the success of Skype. Market Strategy The company plans to introduce corporate subscription packages that shall come with new IT tools for managers, and televisions well suited for teleconferencing. According to a research, 40 percent of Skypes users are business people and, hence it has come up with a strategy to create quality services to these groups of clients since most of the registered users who are found on Skype are family and friends who communicate for long hours without paying (Abell 66). This strategy will cause a segmented group and w ill enable the company to make profit other than being concerned with the family and friends group of customers that spend long hours on the voice call communication for free. Moreover, it introduced the smart voucher technology in Japan to gain market growth. Conclusion The value proposition of Skype is not still performing as compared to the traditional Telco. However, Skype is able to take advantage of its Skype-Skype communication in terms of the price advantage. In terms of customer segmentation, Clearly, Skype’s market entry was based on the traditional adopters and clients from the developing countries. However, Skype can increase her market coverage and take advantage over her competitors by the value proposition that has a fair price than the traditional Telco. Nevertheless, there are a number of opportunities for Skype to increase her market such as in the distribution channels. The present strategy enables Skype to incur no cost in marketing and it depends on the l ow cost viral marketing. However, due to the limited distribution channels Skype is still a mile away from taking over the important market segments in Japan and the world. More expansions are moreover, expected with the channel strategy that the company established. The company still faces challenges in customer relationship management and this can be a hindrance to its expansion. Social Networking Overview The social networking service has transformed the way people communicate with each other. This is especially common to the young ages that are active on the Internet and the use of this technology is on the rise. The rapid growth of this service is due to the introduction of new mobile service with plenty of features. The young age in this generation makes up a great segment for any kind of business opportunity that is to be introduced and these benefits the new and upcoming services that uses this site for their campaigns and business strategies (Angelov 175). According to an O fcoms recent research there are several adults who use the social networking site in the world. However, this report contradicts other research such as the ComScore that recorded the youth as the most active members of social networking. To be able to secure ones information, there is the need for privacy and this site comes with features such as permissions to gain access to given pages within its application. One can control the persons whom, they want to gain access to their profiles, information, and other forms of information. Even though the level of control may differ from service to service in general, but the application allows members to keep their information private and is available only if the user gives permission to gain access to (Ellis 57). Moreover, this application restricts one from seeing the information on your profile and to be available to the signed members only and those in the user contact list. However, one can be able to make their information public so that all groups of people can see if they prefer the same. These permissions allow users to manage a variety of relationships online and their presence on the Internet and the public. Some of the social networking sites include Facebook launched in 2004, YouTube in 2005, and Twitter in 2006. However, these sites to present have several users and their valuation of billions of US dollars. This is vital development and cannot be seen in any other line of business. Twitter Description. In this model I shall be focusing on the use of social network for marketing. My marketing plan is based on micro blogging platform that makes it possible for users to share messages with each other (Bower 77). Twitter has multitude users all over the world; the service is mostly used in North America as research indicates. However, Twitter is popular in other areas such as Japan where the organization introduced a new version. There is still an increase of Twitter users in the US. Despite the slow growt h of Twitter it is less popular as compared to the other social sites such as Facebook and MySpace. Business Models Service Design. I will come up with a home page describing my profile. The twitter application allows members to tweet and send messages directly to other users. One can be able to send messages to all the followers. This concept of followers is quite different from the one used in Facebook, LinkedIn, or Plaxo (Angelov 175). These other social sites use friends who can be able to send messages to each other. In this design of followers one can be able to follow a user even without the acceptance of them. This implies that it is possible for a user to have more followers that they do not follow themselves. Even though other social service providers can gain access to the Internet, Twitter service is designed as a mobile service. The homepage for the users is made in such a way that they can be gain access to the mobile phone and the tweets are limited in character form so that they can be sent through messages in an easy way. In this way, businesses are able to post on their homepage and are followed and the business is able to inform their clients about its progress and new products in the market. Several businesses have been successful through this method of campaigns for their business as they are able to connect to their customers by twitter (Goncalves 142). Organizational Design. The value chain for advertising shall involve: Twitter, then the application homepage, access providers and then the others. Through this I will be able to create and share ideas with my clients. Several people have moved to twitter as a most effective way to reach to their customers. Twitter does not depend on other companies for other services and this service is an open platform that gives users access to the data and the third parties can be able to develop application on the twitter platform. The application add-on that has been developed include: Browser plug- ins, photo and video sharing applications that make it easy for the use of mobile and computers. Moreover, users can be able to include consumers and other businesses through twitter which is the ideal channel for marketing. Users can be categorized as: Broadcasters who are the most followed group than they follow themselves. Also there is the acquaintances group such as the private users who are the online social network users. Nevertheless, there are users who follow a higher number of people than those following them such as the spammers that want more contacts. Broadcasters include the online radio stations, which are able to advertise businesses and provide news (Gilbert 28). Financial design. The revenue that twitter generates is quite limited. It comes from the tweet sending and receiving; however, this is a small cost service. Twitter does not charge for the advertisements. The application developers generate revenues, and the tweets twitter shares its revenue with the Twitt er Company. Nevertheless, fees imposed on businesses are a possible source of revenue for this company. Target Market I wish to target all groups of people but more so focus on the youth. Most of the people who spend long hours on the Internet are the youth and the features of their applications are suited for the youth. The use of Twitter is of great value to the business people as they are able to create homepages about their companies so that they can be followed by the twitter users. Nevertheless, the youth want to keep in touch with their friends in various parts of the world and these acts as the best way to connect with them. Value Proposition My strategy of using social networking takes the social interest of customers into great concern. It is possible for one to follow other groups that they do not know on twitter unlike Facebook that is potentially lucrative (Abell 60). This implies that unlike Facebook that is based on the ideas of all its members, Twitters interest grap h varies from the people one knows in real life. Twitter is hence built on a social graph that is one way following rather than a two way. It is possible to follow a person who does not even know you are following them. This will be helpful in my marketing strategy. This social site is moreover organized in the shared interest rather than personal relationships. The site is also inspirational and public by default (Bower 75). Thus twitter has higher chances of capitalizing on the social interest of its members unlike other social sites such as Facebook. Goal My goal of this marketing strategy is to be able to involve the youth in my marketing plan. The use of social site such as twitter can help boost my business of the DVD music seller whose customers seem to be the youth. The use of the social networking site for marketing will break the long chains required in marketing and it is cost effective. More so, it is social than other sites and that makes it possible for me to have a lo t of followers. Campaign Structure I intend to use tweeting to connect with my clients. I will be logged into my account full-time so that I can be able to reply to my clients. The number of people who visit my shop for purchase of the mobile phones will be an indication of my success in this strategy. Conclusion The use of social networking in marketing is a good strategy since one is able to communicate with the clients in real time. The advertisements are not charged and the business is able to cover on the advertised cost. The changes in technology enable most businesses to succeed because most people are turning to the Internet for information. Abell, John. Skype Means Business. Washington DC: Sloan Publishers. 2002. Print. Angelov, Berlin. â€Å"Fusion of Disruptive Technologies: Lessons from the Skype Case†. European Management Journal, 24.23 (2006): 174-188. Bower, Joan. â€Å"Disruptive Technologies Catching the wave†. Harvard Business Review,  22. 23 (2008 ): 74-88. Christensen, Cullen. The Great Disruption: Japanese Market. NY: Council on Foreign Relations. 2001. Print. Ellis, Mullin. â€Å"Skype in the Classroom, Think In: A Teaching with Technology Showcase,† Online Journal, 2.5 (2010): 56-9 Fowler, Paddy. â€Å"Skype Targets Businesses to Ring up New Revenue†. Wall Street Journal, 8.9 (2008): 34-56 Gilbert, Curl. The Disruption Opportunity: Japan Case Study Review. USA: Sloan. 1998. Print. Goncalves, Rice. â€Å"Skype and the New Regulatory Framework†. Communication Strategies, 59.3 (2009): 141-143. Greene, Tony. Skype for Business sounds the all-clear on legal pitfalls. USA: Sloan Management. 2000. Print Luxembourg, Jasner. â€Å"Skype tests software for mass-market mobile phones†. Wall Street Journal, 8.9 (2006): 34-56.

Great Horned Owls Facts

Great Horned Owls Facts Great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) are a large species of true owls that inhabit many parts of North and South America. These nocturnal avian hunters take a wide range of prey including mammals, other birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Fast Facts: Great Horned Owls Scientific Name: Bubo virginianusCommon Name(s): Great horned owl, hoot owlBasic Animal Group: BirdSize: 17–25 inches tall; wingspan to five feetWeight: 3.2 poundsLifespan: 13 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Boreal forests of North and South AmericaPopulation: Unknown, stable over the last 40 years in North AmericaConservation Status: Least Concern Description Great horned owls were first described in 1788 by Johann Friedrich Gmelin, a German naturalist who published the 13th edition of Systema Naturae by Carolus Linnaeus. That edition included a description of the great horned owl and gave it the scientific name Bubo virginianus because the species was first observed in the Virginia colonies. Sometimes called hoot owls, great horned owls range in length from 17 to 25 inches, have a wingspan of up to five feet, and an average weight of 3.2 pounds. They are the second heaviest owl in North America (after the Snowy Owl), and they are powerful hunters that can grip and crush a full-grown rabbit: their talons form an oval between 4–8 inches in diameter. Theres a good chance that youve heard the hoo-hoo-hoo call of the great horned owl if youve spent any time in the woods at night; young great horned owls will hiss or screech, especially when disturbed or frightened. Characteristics vital for their hunting success include large eyes, excellent hearing, and silent flight. Their eyes are adapted for night vision but are relatively immobile, directed forward. To compensate, their cervical vertebrae are quite flexible, allowing owls to turn their head over 180 degrees. Great horned owls have prominent ear tufts atop their head, one of several owl species that possess ear tufts. Scientists disagree as to the function of these ear tufts: Some suggest that the ear tufts serve as camouflage by breaking the contour of the owls head, while others suggest that the tufts serve some role in communication or recognition, enabling the owls to convey some kind of signals to one another. Experts agree though, that the ear tufts play no role in hearing. Because they remain largely inactive during the day, great horned owls are cryptically colored- that is, their coloration is patchy so that they can blend with their surroundings while they rest. They have a rust-brown colored facial disk and white feathers on their chin and throat. Their body is a mottled grey and brown color above and barred on the belly. NNehring / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Great horned owls occupy the most extensive range of any owl species, including most boreal forests of North and South America, from Alaska and Canada, southward throughout the United States and Mexico, into Northern parts of South America and throughout Patagonia. Since they find hunting is somewhat difficult in thick forests and underbrush, owls prefer habitats with open clearings near secondary-growth woodlands and tree-edged meadows and swaths. They also adapt well to human-modified environments, agricultural fields and suburban areas where there are places to perch and open fields to hunt in. Diet and Behavior Great horned owls are carnivores who eat a very wide range of prey. Like all owls, these fascinating carnivores eat their prey whole and then regurgitate pellets containing fur and crushed bones. Usually active at night, they are also sometimes spotted during the late afternoon or during the hours around dawn. These unique and beautiful birds prefer to eat rabbits and hares but will settle for any small mammal, bird, reptile, or amphibian that comes within its reach. They are the only animal that feeds on skunks; they also hunt birds such as American crows, peregrine falcon nestlings, and osprey nestlings. They require an average of 2–4 ounces of meat per day; larger animals are killed and may be fed on for several days. Reproduction and Offspring Great horned owls nest during the months of January and February. During mating season, male and female great horned owls hoot back and forth to each other in a duet. Their mating rituals also include bowing to each other and rubbing bills. When ready to nest, they do not build their own nest but instead seek out existing sites such as the nests of other birds, squirrel nests, tree holes, crevices in rocks and nooks in buildings. Some great horned owls mate for many years. Clutch size varies with latitude, weather, and food supply, but generally, are two or three eggs. When prey is available, nesting begins earlier in the year; in leaner years, nesting is later and sometimes owls will not lay eggs during very poor years. Stan Tekiela Author / Naturalist / Wildlife Photographer / Getty Images Conservation Status Great horned owls are long-lived birds, known to live a typical 13 years in the wild, and have been known to live as long as 38 years in captivity. Their biggest threats come from the activities of human beings, who shoot and trap owls, but also build high-tension wires and run into owls with their cars. Owls have few natural predators but are occasionally killed by members of their own species or by northern goshawks, a species that often battles with the owls for available nesting sites. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies the great horned owl as Least Concern. Sources Armstrong, Aaron. Eagles, Owls, and Coyotes (Oh My!): Taphonomic Analysis of Rabbits and Guinea Pigs Fed to Captive Raptors and Coyotes. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5 (2016): 135–55. Print.Bubo virginianus. BirdLife International. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T61752071A132039486, 2018.  Newton, Ian. Chapter 19: Irruptive Migrations: Owls, Raptors and Waterfowl. The Migration Ecology of Birds. Ed. Newton, Ian. Oxford: Academic Press, 2007. 563–86. Print.Smith, Dwight G. Wild Bird Guides: Great Horned Owl. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2002.

What Is the Specific Heat of Water How Is It Special

What Is the Specific Heat of Water How Is It Special SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve ever walked along a beach on a sunny day and dipped your toes in the water to cool them off after the hot sand, you’ve taken advantage of the specific heat of water. Despite how it may sound, specific heat doesn’t refer to the exact temperature of something. It’s a larger scientific concept that has to do with the energy it takes to heat a substance up. As you might have noticed from the example, not all substances warm up at the same rate- hence the different temperatures of the sand and water. Water’s specific heat is one of its most interesting characteristics. In this article, we’ll be covering what specific heat is, what equation you use to find specific heat, and why water’s specific heat is so high. The stove, pot, water, and steam all have different specific heats. What Is Specific Heat? Specific heat is a measure of heat capacity, or how much heat a material can store when changing temperature. A high heat capacity means that a substance can absorb a lot of heat before registering a change in temperature- think about how long it takes for a pot to get warm to the touch on the stove versus how long it takes the water inside to get warm. That means that water has a higher heat capacity- it can store more heat before changing in temperature. Specific heat refers to the exact amount of heat needed to make one unit of mass of a substance one degree warmer. Returning to our example, specific heat would identify exactly how much heat is required to make one unit of water, such as one cup, one degree warmer. Because heat is really a measure of energy transfer, it’s more accurate to say that specific heat is actually a statement of how much energy a substance can absorb before a one-degree change in temperature. Specific heat is typically measured in Joules and kilojoules per one gram of mass, with Celsius as a measure of temperature. Kilograms and Fahrenheit may be used, but it’s rarer. A substance’s specific heat can be affected by temperature and pressure, so specific heat is typically determined at constant temperature and pressure, typically 25 degrees Celsius. What Is the Equation for Specific Heat? The equation to calculate specific heat is: $$Q = s Ãâ€" m Ãâ€" ΔT$$ $Q$ represents the amount of heat, $s$ the specific heat (${\Joules}/{\gram *  °\Celsius}$), m the mass of the substance in grams, and $ΔT$ the observed change in temperature. Different kinds of water, such as seawater, may have different specific heat. What Is the Specific Heat of Water? Some substances heat up quickly, while other substances heat up slowly. Water is one of the latter- it has a high specific heat capacity because it requires more energy to raise the temperature. Water has a specific heat capacity of 4182 J/kg °C. Because water is such an important and common substance, we even have a special way to identify the amount of energy it takes to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius- a Calorie. This is different from the kind of calorie we talk about in food. That kind of calorie is equivalent to 1,000 Calories, which is why food-related calories are also sometimes referred to as kilocalories, or kcals. The specific heat of water is quite a bit higher than many other common substances. For example, the specific heat of iron is 449 J/kg °C, sand is 830 J/kg °C, and oak timber is 2400 J/kg °C. That’s because water, comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, is electronegative. An electronegative atom is more likely to draw electrons to itself, because one side of the atom will have a partially positive charge and the other will have a partially negative charge. The opposite-charged sides are naturally drawn to one another, forming a weaker hydrogen bond. That’s why water is able to flow past itself, but also bond together- it’s constantly forming and breaking these bonds. These bonds are also why liquid water has a high specific heat. Any energy put toward heating water is split between breaking the bonds and heating the water. Because of this, it takes more energy to heat water than it does other substances. For example, if you’re at the beach on a sunny day, you’ll notice that the sand is often quite hot to walk on, but the water always feels cool, even in the shallows. That’s because sand has a lower specific heat capacity- it takes less energy to raise the temperature by one degree. Because water has a high heat capacity, it requires more energy to raise the temperature by one degree. The sun puts out a more or less constant rate of energy, which heats up sand more quickly and water more slowly. Sand has a much lower specific heat than water- that's why it gets hot so fast! Specific Heat Table If you’re not already familiar with Joules and Calories, these numbers might seem a little abstract. Take a look at this table to familiarize yourself with some common specific heats according to both Joules and Calories, and compare those to what you know of how these substances heat up! Material Specific Heat in J/kg °C Specific Heat in Cal/gram °C Gold 129 0.031 Air 1005 0.24 Leather 1500 0.36 Olive oil 1790 0.43 Paper 1336 0.32 Table Salt 880 0.21 Quartz Sand 830 0.19 Steel 490 0.12 Liquid Water 4182 1.00 Wood 1300 - 2400 0.41 What’s Next? If the specific heat of water has you all fired up about chemistry, AP chemistry may be for you! Check out this AP chemistry syllabus to learn more about what topics will be covered. Or maybe you're already in AP chemistry and you're looking for some tips and tricks for how to ace your exam. Check out this guide to the AP chemistry exam for everything you need to know! If you're not quite ready for the exam but you need a little extra boost in your AP chemistry course, this AP Chemistry study guide may be just what you're looking for.

Strategic Information System mangament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Strategic Information System mangament - Essay Example The shop has only one receptionist. Each customer has to stand in the line to get a form. The form to fill is very comprehensive and time consuming. The receptionist won’t handle the next customer’s request until a current customer’s case has been closed (form is filled). The form contains a lot of questions but does not specifically ask the client what the problem is and what the next steps might be. Lapy King only sells laptop computers and just takes the orders to repair broken laptops from the customers in the city centre. Then they deliver the item to the main repair company which is located in a suburb within a 15 Kilo meters distance. Once they receive the broken item, they read the form, perform a quick diagnosis and then they usually have to call the client and ask further questions for instance whether the client wants an device being replaced for a quoted price. If the call is made during working hours, the customer may not answer the call and when the client calls back the company the call has to be forwarded to the repair company and the person responsible to fix the device. All these together delays the delivery of the product/service. There is no kind of managed communication between customer and repair guys. Receptionist does not have much technical information and answering the calls and making arrangements between the staff and managers, consumes a lot of her time. The receptionist at lapy king, is responsible of answering the phone calls to the company and directing them to the right person. She is also responsible to take orders from customers with a broken laptop. She provides a form for a client to fill. This includes client’s details, for example name and address, email and phone number, the problem with the laptop and whether they want other services like backup from hard disks. The receptionist asks the customer for a registration fee. Receives and packs the laptop and issues a

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Global warming - Essay Example Even though, many science-veterans construe to the fact that an augmentation in the emissions may tend to result in further global warming, various ambiguities stay about the timing and criticalness of the consequential climatic transformation. However, many other science-veterans are induced about the fact that the activities which are performed by humans are partially held responsible for the long period warming of the past epoch. Moreover, they also believe that the climatic transformations which are a result of the increment in the greenhouse gases will continue to be a part of our future (White Paper [1], 2002). They also suppose that there are adequate confirmations to assure a considerable approach towards reducing the substantial results of global warming. Significantly, too often, we misapprehend Global Warming as Ozone Depletion which is all the more different. Whilst, Ozone depletion refers to the tapering of the ozone layer in the stratosphere extending approximately between nine to thirty-one miles above the surface of the earth, Global Warming refers to an increment in the earth’s standard temperature. Science-veterans are quite sure about the green-house effect. They are fully cognizant of the fact that green-house gases make the earth warmer by means of entrapping the heat in the atmosphere. On the other hand, climatic transformations are the ling-term standards of a region’s events of weather that are humped collaboratively. As per the views of Schneider, the green-house effect and global warming have evolved from academia and government organizations to blend with the prominent chores (Schneider, 1990). Climatic transformations delineate a change in the

Do transformation really work for Pizza Express Dissertation

Do transformation really work for Pizza Express - Dissertation Example observed trend regarding the transformation (which includes refurbishment of the units) it has been recommended that Pizza Express should invest in the innovation of products and services and also adopt identical and unique design for all the units of Pizza Express across the country. Major business houses round the world have undergone massive transformation over the years in order to be competitive and to fetch a substantial market share. In the era of globalization, organizations need to adopt various changes in their outlook to sustain their businesses in the competitive market scenario. The history of successful organization reflects the fact, that the organizations have carefully identified the changes in business processes at appropriate timings and those changes have gained profitability for them in the long run. In the present era, transformation of business across all sectors has evolved in a massive way. As a result of transformation, industries have experienced major chan ges over the years and this has been one of the critical elements responsible for the survival and growth of business organizations. Among the major changes undertaken by different organizations in the past decade, the focus has always been on the creation of value. Customer satisfaction has also been one of the prime forces which have driven the changes over the years. Much importance has been given to bring about changes in the products and services, according to the needs and demands of the customers so that the products and services offered by them are perceived by the customers to be of high value. The overall transformation in the business activities of the organizations also has a huge effect on the economy of a country. As the industries in a country contribute a substantial part... Express 23-27 Analysis 28-34 Conclusion 34-36 Recommendations 36-37 Bibliography 37-40 Appendix 40-41 Transformation in Pizza Express Executive Summary: A study of the process of business transformation has been conducted with special reference to the transformation process in Pizza Express. A detailed study has been done to analyze the importance and the advantages of the business transformation process. The transformation process undertaken by Pizza Express has been studied with the help of the secondary sources and some primary information. Studies reflect that the transformation process of Pizza Express is mainly based on the refurbishments of the units and a huge cost is being allotted by the organization towards the achievement of these goals. In the next step in the transformation process of the organization, the major process in the business operations needs to be detailed. Importance on the operation of process needs to be provided as all the major tasks in the organizations are accomplished through the process and the overall outputs of the process determine the efficiency of the organization. The various outputs of the organization should be aligned to the strategy so that operational excellence can be achieved by the organization. The detailing of the business operation will in turn lead to the overall analysis of the process and the identification of the process which needs the transformation. Once the process requiring transformation is identified, critical analysis of the particular areas of the process needs to be evaluated which needs transformation. Once the process requiring transformation is identified, critical analysis of the particular areas of the process needs to be evaluated which needs transformation.

Understanding Hospitality Resource--- Write up one tutorial exercise Essay

Understanding Hospitality Resource--- Write up one tutorial exercise from the list below - Essay Example It is, therefore, extremely crucial for hotels to keep their employees up to date and well trained on the current housekeeping issues, since housekeepers are always in contact with the hotels’ guests. Housekeeping also plays a key role in the client-hotel relationship since the clients will come to the hotel not only from the hotels’ food but also through the house keeping quality of the hotel. Housekeeping also plays a crucial role in the record keeping of the hotels’ guests and the preparation of the inventory of the house keeping supplies. Hotels have got people who supervise the rest of the housekeeper. These people are known as housekeeper supervisors. The job description of the housekeeper supervisor is mainly to inspect the quality of the housekeeping job that has been done in the hotel rooms. The supervisors are also required to take part in the procurement process of the hotels’ laundry and other housekeeping equipment. The supervisor should be able to lead his housekeeping team well and unit the team in order to perform a quality job. The housekeeper supervisor should be able to have excellent communication skills. They should be able to have the ability to teach other housekeepers on their roles. They should be able to fully understand what the needs of the hotels clients are. The housekeeping supervisors should be able to encourage and motivate other housekeepers to keep on doing a better job in carrying out their duties. Housekeeping supervisors should be able to delegate assignments to the housekeepi ng workers well in a manner that does not discriminate anybody. This will in turn motivate the workers to do a terrific job. Housekeepers should always have an enterprising mind. They should be able to initiate new and creative projects that will be profitable both to the hotel and to the clients. They should be ready to pass on the rules and conventions of the hotel, this will in turn show the housekeeping workers

Do transformation really work for Pizza Express Dissertation

Do transformation really work for Pizza Express - Dissertation Example observed trend regarding the transformation (which includes refurbishment of the units) it has been recommended that Pizza Express should invest in the innovation of products and services and also adopt identical and unique design for all the units of Pizza Express across the country. Major business houses round the world have undergone massive transformation over the years in order to be competitive and to fetch a substantial market share. In the era of globalization, organizations need to adopt various changes in their outlook to sustain their businesses in the competitive market scenario. The history of successful organization reflects the fact, that the organizations have carefully identified the changes in business processes at appropriate timings and those changes have gained profitability for them in the long run. In the present era, transformation of business across all sectors has evolved in a massive way. As a result of transformation, industries have experienced major chan ges over the years and this has been one of the critical elements responsible for the survival and growth of business organizations. Among the major changes undertaken by different organizations in the past decade, the focus has always been on the creation of value. Customer satisfaction has also been one of the prime forces which have driven the changes over the years. Much importance has been given to bring about changes in the products and services, according to the needs and demands of the customers so that the products and services offered by them are perceived by the customers to be of high value. The overall transformation in the business activities of the organizations also has a huge effect on the economy of a country. As the industries in a country contribute a substantial part... Express 23-27 Analysis 28-34 Conclusion 34-36 Recommendations 36-37 Bibliography 37-40 Appendix 40-41 Transformation in Pizza Express Executive Summary: A study of the process of business transformation has been conducted with special reference to the transformation process in Pizza Express. A detailed study has been done to analyze the importance and the advantages of the business transformation process. The transformation process undertaken by Pizza Express has been studied with the help of the secondary sources and some primary information. Studies reflect that the transformation process of Pizza Express is mainly based on the refurbishments of the units and a huge cost is being allotted by the organization towards the achievement of these goals. In the next step in the transformation process of the organization, the major process in the business operations needs to be detailed. Importance on the operation of process needs to be provided as all the major tasks in the organizations are accomplished through the process and the overall outputs of the process determine the efficiency of the organization. The various outputs of the organization should be aligned to the strategy so that operational excellence can be achieved by the organization. The detailing of the business operation will in turn lead to the overall analysis of the process and the identification of the process which needs the transformation. Once the process requiring transformation is identified, critical analysis of the particular areas of the process needs to be evaluated which needs transformation. Once the process requiring transformation is identified, critical analysis of the particular areas of the process needs to be evaluated which needs transformation.

Chinese Consumer's Perseption of B2C and C2C for E-Commerce Abstract Dissertation

Chinese Consumer's Perseption of B2C and C2C for E-Commerce Abstract - Dissertation Example The research uses both literature review and quantitative empirical research to arrive at the findings. A convenience sample of 55 customers is chosen from among the friends and acquaintances of the researcher and an online survey is employed. The results are tabulated and analysed using the literature review. It is found that customers prefer to use the C2C models over B2C models, even though they are ready to trust the B2C models more in terms of product quality, after sales service and customer care. The reason for conducting shopping using C2C sites is their low costs and larger variety of products availability. It is however expected that in the near future, due to the greater trustworthiness of the B2C sites, there may be a change in customer behaviour and shift in preference from C2C to B2C model. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Background and Overview 1.2 Research Questions 1.3 Research Aims and Objectives 1.4 Research Methods 1.5 Research Significance 1.6 Outline of Dissertation Chapters 1.7 Summary Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 B2C and C2C Models – An Overview 2.3 Overview of B2B and B2C online markets in China 2.4 Factors that impact online shopping consumer behavior 2.5 Factors that can impact on the effectiveness of an online shopping company 2.6 Comparison between Taobao and Amazon in China 2.7 Summary Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Approach 3.3 Research Methods 3.4 Research Design 3.4.1 Sample Sample Unit Sample Size Sample Selection Method 3.4.2 Data Collection Instrument: Survey Questionnaire (Appendix A) 3.4.3 Data Analysis Method 3.5 Research Validity and Reliability 3.6 Ethical Considerations 3.7 Summary Chapter 4: Research Findings and Discussions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Descriptive Statistics 4.3 Summary Chapter 5: Conclusions and Implications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Summary of Research Findings 5.3 Research Implications 5.4 Research Limitations and Scope for Future Research List of Tables Table 1: Gender of the Participants Table 2: Age of the Participants Table 3: Personal Online Shopping Behaviour Table 4: Reasons for Not Shopping Online Table 5: Customers’ Preference of Online Shopping Model Table 6: Customer’s past usage of online shopping sites Table 7: Customers’ Perception of Trust of Different Models of Shopping Websites Table 8: Factors Impacting Perception of Customers Regarding Online Shopping Sites Table 8a: Important Factors that Impact Customer Perceptions Regarding Online Shopping Websites Table 9: Factors that Negatively Impact Customers’ Perceptions Table 9a: Factors that Create Customer Dissatisfaction with Online Shopping Sites Table 10: Comparison of B2C and C2C Sites on Factors that Impact Customers’ Perceptions Table 11: Customers’ Intentions to Recommend Online Shopping Sites List of Appendices Appendix A: Research Questionnaire Appendix B: Research Responses References Chinese Consumer’s perception of B2C and C2C for E-Commerce Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research Background and Overview With the opening up of the Chinese economy and the liberalization reforms, there has also been an exponential growth in penetration of the mass media and communications technology across China (Eisingerich and Kretschmer, 2008). The modernization of the economy and the development of the Chinese cities in the recent past also brought about a change in the lifestyles of the people (Shi and Zhang, 2009). There is found to be a rapid growth in the

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay The terms dreadful and dreary are fitting descriptions to partly describe the education I had back in Korea. As Rose would explain it, schools that do well, with teachers and facilities that really contribute to the real education of the mind do exist (Rose 1989). However, during his and my time, the settings were somehow similar. I had gone through subjects that were forced on me as if food that makes one to flip over. Korean education for me was a little bit like â€Å"blind leading the blind† idea. Being raised a South Korean I experienced the hell education is. Vocational school really meant to prepare us for the world of work as it is also projected to do for people here in the United States. Back then, the vocational section of our school actually meant schooling for the average and the below average; students who seemed to have no other future like in the university, but to get married and work in some kind of factory or behind an isolated desk. Like the banking concept of Freire which the author elaborated as the absence of dialogue and problem-posing set-up and replaced or dominated by control and depositing of the all too-knowledgeable teacher, my past experience exactly mimic Freire’s descriptions when I was under the tutelage of mentors who also just passed on the kind of ignorance they received from others before them (Freire 1993 ch 2). It was a mixture of hell and a hellish kind of experience. Rose’s apt depiction of his adventure in a jungle of misappropriation of learning may not be as exactly the same as mine, but the fact that I just somehow drifted then and passively went through schooling was a dismal failure to me. Failure because I had emerged with the same credulity and only a bit sophisticated with getting away with my increasing ignorance about many things. Fortunately, despite my parents’ lack of know how, their wise supervision over us children became very crucial and important as I emerged an adolescent and a young person. The time when we reached mainland USA had somehow spelled differently for me. Things like being introduced to a teacher much like Rose had in the person of Mr. MacFarland (Rose 1989), worlds of ideas and opportunities opened for me when I was tutored by this wonderful person who had the patience to point to me my inadequacies and strengths in a very non-threatening yet forceful manner, awakening me to rise to the challenge of emerging from being average to strike at what I do best. I just wanna be average† (Rose 1989) is well maybe a safe battle cry for most because it removes the guilt and even more so the pressure to become somebody who actually has a lot more insecurities than the truly â€Å"average† guy. Or so I thought. However, things are a bit a changing as the song goes. I have a passion within me that had started to burn deep within and refuse to go away. This is the passion to inquire, to absorb, to learn and to explore the many â€Å"whys† that had cropped up incessantly since a teacher started to lead us how to make inquiries. This is exactly what Freire would have wanted. Teachers become dominators when they truly believe that the students are just out there in front of them as willing audience to a â€Å"play† with which only one is the protagonist and antagonist and that is the teacher (Freire 1993). Unless the mentor thinks as a student as well, immersing himself again in the shoes of his â€Å"mentees† he will soon forget that these little people in front of him actually have minds of their own; that no matter what one teaches, those minds will leave the hall devoid of real encounters and real and practical materials that they ought to carry with them until college days are over. Conclusion and recommendation Indeed, being average has its place, but when the teachers start to label and judge a student or students as only that, the teacher ceases to understand the mindset that is still very much malleable, and capable of immense exploits. Several suggestions not very different from the proposed learning set-up by Freire are in my mind. The management of the classroom experiences are structured or planned such that the students or pupils will have sufficient time and space to develop their powers of inquiry. This is their entitlement to empowerment; i. e. he students start to have a sense of control and directions with their own learning. When this happens, the students feel committed and engaged and are â€Å"hooked† as what has happened to Mike Rose. What Mike Rose described in his accounts are telling of the general atmosphere in most traditionally run schools not just even in the United States. Elsewhere in countries who look up to Uncle Sam are institutions following our footsteps and producing the same sad, sad stories of students who are gripped by the powerful influence of teachers who do not teach but make their audience depositories of a different kind. The process of developing an inquiring mind is not very easy. It takes a lot of creativity and constant research and innovations from that of the teacher to produce materials or activities that encourage the students to make and generate questions pertaining to and not only confined to the lessons defined in the syllabus. This is the reason that Freire often referred to as the teacher playing and assuming the role as well as that of the student. This stance takes into the premise then, that students in whatever economic status in life they may spring from, are not dumb and altogether passive. They start to be that way because most teachers expect them to behave as such. Various theoretical perspectives in learning actually boil down to the realization that in order for real learning to happen, the students must craft their own ideas and concepts, and must take ownership of the kinds of lives they must eventually lead. This is accountability and responsibility.